Most of the research on silicon-on-insulator integrated circuits has been focused on applications for telecommunication. Finally, an outlook of the future opportunities and challenges of ultrafast photonics devices based on Xenes and other 2D materials are highlighted, and we hope this review will promote their extensive applications in ultrafast photonics technology. Then, we summarize the outcomes achieved by Xenes-based (beyond graphene) fiber lasers and make classifications based on the characteristics of output pulses according to the materials characterization and nonlinear optical absorption properties. In this review, the preparation methods of Xenes and various integration strategies are detailedly introduced at first. Among them, the emerging single element two-dimensional materials (Xenes) have also received much attention due to their special physical and photoelectric properties including tunable broadband nonlinear saturable absorption, ultrafast carrier recovery rate, and ultrashort recovery time. However, enslaved to poor environmental stability, low output power and difficult to self-start, NPR, and NALM without using polarization maintaining fiber have not gotten wide applications.ĭriven by new two-dimensional materials, great changes and progress have taken place in the field of ultrafast photonics in recent years. Artificial SAs can realize the nonlinear absorption related to the intensity of incident light based on birefringent properties, dependent rotation of an elliptical polarized light or nonlinear refractive index, such as Kerr lens (more often used in free-beam systems), nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR), and nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM).
Saturable absorber (SA) devices are the kernel of passively modelocked technique, which can be divided into artificial SAs and real SAs. Compared with actively modelocked fiber lasers based on electro-optic modulator (EOM) or acousto-optic modulator (AOM), passively mode-locked fiber lasers get more attention due to the advantages of environmental stability, compact structure, easy integration, low cost, and high efficiency. Mode-locked technique is the basic method to generate ultrashort picosecond (ps) or femtosecond (fs) pulses. The study shows the stability of working in anomalous dispersion regime is better than normal regime.
Result shows that, the output pulse width from the AM mode-Locked equals to τ=0.8ps in anomalous and τ=1ps in normal regimes. To solve these equations numerically fourth order, Runge-Kutta method is performed through Mat-Lab 7.0 computer program. Pulse shapes for both dispersion regimes are assumed after modifying (Ginzburg-Landu equation) GLE which is essentially Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger equation GNLSE and by applying the moment method ,a set of five rate equations for pulse energy ,pulse width ,frequency shift ,temporally shift and chirp ,which solutions described the pulse from round trip to the next and how they approach to steady state values. Master equation of the Mode-locking fiber laser is introduced. The effect of both normal and anomalous dispersion regimes on output pulses are investigated. A grating pair is used to compensate the normal dispersion. In this work, ِ Amplitude modulation mode-locked fiber laser is studied,by using Ytterbium Doped Fiber Laser, single mode fiber, operating with 1055 nm wavelength with 976 nm optical pump and AM Mode-Locked by optical modulators.
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